PANS/PANDAS Related Publications

Research and publications relevant to PANS, PANDAS, encephalitis, and related inflammatory brain conditions are grouped below by topic.

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Tran, P, Frankovich J, Van Mater H, Dale R, Or-Geva N, McHugh A, Thienemann M. “Pediatric Inflammatory Brain Disease” Complex Disorders in Pediatric Psychiatry. A Clinician’s Guide1st Edition Editors: David I Driver & Shari Thomas. December 2017.

Cellucci T, Van Mater H, Graus F, Muscal E, Gallentine W, Klein-Gitelman MS, Benseler SM, Frankovich J, Gorman MP, Van Haren K, Dalmau J, Dale RC. Clinical approach to the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric patient. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020 Jan 17;7(2). pii: e663. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000663. Print 2020 Mar. PMID:31953309

Chang K*, Frankovich J*, Cooperstock M, Cunningham M, Latimer E, Murphy T, Pasternack M, Thienemann M, Williams K, Walter J, Swedo S. Clinical Evaluation of Youth with Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS): Recommendations from the 2013 PANS Consensus Conference. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, Vol. 25, No. 1, February 2015: 3-13. PMID: 25325534

Swedo S, Frankovich J, Murphy T. Overview of Treatment of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome. J of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Vol. 27, No.7, September 2017. doi:10.1089/cap/2017.0042

Thienemann M, Murphy T, Leckman J, Shaw R, Williams K, Kapphahn C, Frankovich J, Geller D, Bernstein G, Chang K, Elia J, Swedo S. Clinical Management of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: Part I-Psychiatric and Behavioral Interventions. J of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Vol. 27, No.7, 566-573. September 2017. doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0145

Frankovich J, Swedo S, Murphy T, Dale R C, Agalliu D, Williams K, Daines M, Hornig M, Chugani H, Sanger T, Muscal E, Pasternack M, Cooperstock, et al. Clinical Management of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: Part II—Use of Immunomodulatory Therapies. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, Vol. 27, No. 7, 574-593. September 2017. doi: 10.1089/cap.2016.0148

Cooperstock M, Swedo SE, Pasternack M, Murphy T, and for the PANS/PANDAS Consortium. Clinical Management of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome:Part III—Treatment and Prevention of Infections. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology.Sep 2017.594-606.http://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2016.0151

Pfeiffer HCV, Wickstrom R, Skov L, Sørensen CB, Sandvig I, Gjone IH, Ygberg S, de Visscher C, Idring Nordstrom S, Herner LB, Hesselmark E, Hedderly T, Lim M, Debes NM. Clinical guidance for diagnosis and management of suspected Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome in the Nordic countries. Acta Paediatr. 2021 Dec;110(12):3153-3160. doi: 10.1111/apa.15875. Epub 2021 May 6. PMID: 33848371.

Johnson M, Ehlers S, Fernell E, Hajjari P, Wartenberg C, Wallerstedt SM. Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunomodulatory treatment in children with symptoms corresponding to the research condition PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome): A systematic review. PLoS One. 2021 Jul 1;16(7):e0253844. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253844. PMID: 34197525; PMCID: PMC8248649.

Pollak TA, Lennox BR, Müller S, Benros ME, Prüss H, Tebartz van Elst L, Klein H, Steiner J, Frodl T, Bogerts B, Tian L, Groc L, Hasan A, Baune BT, Endres D, Haroon E, Yolken R, Benedetti F, Halaris A, Meyer JH, Stassen H, Leboyer M, Fuchs D, Otto M, Brown DA, Vincent A, Najjar S, Bechter K. Autoimmune psychosis: An international consensus on an approach to the diagnosis and management of psychosis of suspected autoimmune origin. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Jan;7(1):93-108. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30290-1. Epub 2019 Oct 24. Erratum in: Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Dec;6(12):e31. PMID: 31669058.

Mahmud FH, Lteif AN, Renaud DL, Reed AM, Brands CK. Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in an adolescent with chronic hallucinations and depression: case report and review. Pediatrics. 2003 Sep;112(3 Pt 1):686-90. doi: 10.1542/peds.112.3.686. PMID: 12949305

Swedo SE, Leckman JF, Rose NR.  From Research Subgroup to Clinical Syndrome: Modifying the PANDAS Criteria to Describe PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome). Pediatr Therapeut 2:113. 2012. doi:10.4172/2161-0665.1000113

Swedo SE, Frankovich J, Murphy TM. Overview of Treatment of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Sep 2017.562-565.http://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2017.0042

Murphy TK, Gerardi DM, Leckman JF. Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014 Sep;37(3):353-74. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.001. PMID: 25150567.

Williams KA, Swedo SE. Post-infectious autoimmune disorders: Sydenham’s chorea, PANDAS and beyond. Brain Res. 2015 Aug 18;1617:144-54. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.071. Epub 2014 Oct 7. PMID: 25301689.

Zheng J*, Frankovich J*, McKenna E, Rowe N, MacEachern S, Ng N, Tam L, Moon P, Gao J, Thienemann M, Forkert N, Yeom K. Association of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome With Microstructural Differences in Brain Regions Detected via Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network Open. 2020 May 4. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4063

Cabrera B, Romero-Rebollar C, Jiménez-Ángeles L, Genis-Mendoza AD, Flores J, Lanzagorta N, Arroyo M, de la Fuente-Sandoval C, Santana D, Medina-Bañuelos V, Sacristán E, Nicolini H. Neuroanatomical features and its usefulness in classification of patients with PANDAS. CNS Spectr. 2019 Oct;24(5):533-543. doi: 10.1017/S1092852918001268. PMID: 30428956.

Kumar A, Williams MT, Chugani HT. Evaluation of Basal Ganglia and Thalamic Inflammation in Children With Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infection and Tourette Syndrome: A Positron Emission Tomographic (PET) Study Using 11C-[R]-PK11195. J Child Neurol 30: 749-756, 2015.

Giedd JN, Rapoport JL, Garvey MA, Perlmutter S, Swedo SE. MRI assessment of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder or tics associated with streptococcal infection. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;157(2):281-3. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.281. PMID: 10671403.

Santoro JD, Frankovich J, Bhargava S. Continued Presence of Period Limb Movements During REM Sleep in Patients With Chronic Static Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS). Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, Vol. 14, Np. 7 1187-1192. July 2018. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7222

Gaughan T, Buckley A, Hommer R, Grant P, Williams K, Leckman JF, Swedo SE. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Abnormalities in Children with Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS). J Clin Sleep Med. 2016 Jul 15;12(7):1027-32. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.5942. PMID: 27166296; PMCID: PMC4918985.

Gagliano A, Puligheddu M, Ronzano N, Congiu P, Tanca MG, Cursio I, Carucci S, Sotgiu S, Grossi E, Zuddas A. Artificial Neural Networks Analysis of polysomnographic and clinical features in Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS): from sleep alteration to “Brain Fog”. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021 Jul 23;13:1209-1224. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S300818. PMID: 34326674; PMCID: PMC8315772.

Jan JE, Reiter RJ, Wasdell MB, Bax M. The role of the thalamus in sleep, pineal melatonin production, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. J Pineal Res. 2009 Jan;46(1):1-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-079X.2008.00628.x. Epub 2008 Aug 28. PMID: 18761566.

Xu J, Liu RJ, Fahey S, et al. Antibodies From Children With PANDAS Bind Specifically to Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons and Alter Their Activity [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 16]. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;appiajp202019070698. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19070698

Frick, L. R., Rapanelli, M., Jindachomthong, K., Grant, P., Leckman, J. F., Swedo, S., Williams, K., & Pittenger, C. (2018). Differential binding of antibodies in PANDAS patients to cholinergic interneurons in the striatum. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 69, 304–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.004

Chain JL, Alvarez K, Mascaro-Blanco A, et al. Autoantibody Biomarkers for Basal Ganglia Encephalitis in Sydenham Chorea and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated With Streptococcal Infections. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:564. Published 2020 Jun 24. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00564

Kirvan CA, Swedo SE, Heuser JS, Cunningham MW. Mimicry and autoantibody-mediated neuronal cell signaling in Sydenham chorea. Nat Med. 2003 Jul;9(7):914-20. doi: 10.1038/nm892. PMID: 12819778.

Kirvan CA, Cox CJ, Swedo SE, Cunningham MW. Tubulin is a neuronal target of autoantibodies in Sydenham’s chorea. J Immunol 178: 7412-7421, 2007.

Kirvan CA, Swedo SE, Kurahara D, Cunningham MW. Streptococcal mimicry and antibody-mediated cell signaling in the pathogenesis of Sydenham’s chorea. Autoimmunity 39: 21-29, 2006

Kirvan CA, Swedo SE, Snider LA, Cunningham MW. Antibody-mediated neuronal cell signaling in behavior and movement disorders. J Neuroimmunol. 2006 Oct;179(1-2):173-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.06.017. Epub 2006 Jul 27. PMID: 16875742.

Cox CJ, Zuccolo AJ, Edwards EV, Mascaro-Blanco A, Alvarez K, Stoner J, Chang K, Cunningham MW. Antineuronal antibodies in a heterogeneous group of youth and young adults with tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 25: 76-85, 2015.

Shimasaki C, Frye RE, Trifiletti R, Cooperstock M, et al. Evaluation of the Cunningham Panel™ in pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) and pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS): Changes in antineuronal antibody titers parallel changes in patient symptoms. J Neuroimmunol. 2020 Feb 15;339:577138. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577138. Epub 2019 Dec 15. PMID: 31884258.

Frye RE, Shimasaki C. Reliability of the Cunningham Panel. Transl Psychiatry. 2019 Apr 8;9(1):129. doi: 10.1038/s41398-019-0462-1. PMID: 30962420; PMCID: PMC6453973.

Thienemann M, Park M, Chan A, Frankovich J. Patients with abrupt early-onset OCD due to PANS tolerate lower doses of antidepressants and antipsychotics. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2021 Jan;135:270-278. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.022 doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.022

Thienemann M, Murphy T, Leckman J, Shaw R, Williams K, Kapphahn C, Frankovich J, Geller D, Bernstein G, Chang K, Elia J, Swedo S. Clinical Management of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: Part I-Psychiatric and Behavioral InterventionsJ of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Vol. 27, No.7, 566-573. September 2017. doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0145

Nadeau JM, Jordan C, Selles RR, et al. A pilot trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy augmentation of antibiotic treatment in youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(4):337-343. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0149

Storch EA, Murphy TK, Geffken GR, Mann G, Adkins J, Merlo LJ, Duke D, Munson M, Swaine Z, Goodman WK. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PANDAS-related obsessive-compulsive disorder: findings from a preliminary waitlist controlled open trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;45(10):1171-8. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000231973.43966.a0. PMID: 17003662.

Frankovich J, Swedo S, Murphy T, Dale R C, Agalliu D, Williams K, Daines M, Hornig M, Chugani H, Sanger T, Muscal E, Pasternack M, Cooperstock, et al. Clinical Management of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: Part II—Use of Immunomodulatory Therapies. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, Vol. 27, No. 7, 574-593. September 2017. doi: 10.1089/cap.2016.0148

Perlmutter SJ, Leitman SF, Garvey MA, Hamburger S, Feldman E, Leonard HL, Swedo SE. Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic disorders in childhood. Lancet. 1999 Oct 2;354(9185):1153-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)12297-3. PMID: 10513708.

Williams KA, Swedo SE, Farmer CA, et al. Randomized, Controlled Trial of Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(10):860-867.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.06.017

Brown K, Farmer C, Freeman GM, Spartz E, Farhadian B, Thienemann M, Frankovich J. Effect of Early and Prophylactic Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) on Flare Duration in Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS): An Observational Study of Patients Followed by an Academic Community-Based Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Clinic. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Vol. 27, No. 7, July 2017, online ahead of print. PMID: 28696786. DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0193

Spartz E, Freeman GM, Brown K, Farhadian B, Thienemann M, Frankovich J. Course of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms after Introduction or Removal of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: A Pediatric Observational Study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, Vol. 27, No. 7, July 2017, online ahead of print. PMID: 28696783. DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0179

Brown K, Farmer C, Farhadian B, Hernandez J, Thienemann M, Frankovich J. Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) – Response to Oral Corticosteroid Bursts: An Observational Study of Patients in an Academic Community-Based PANS Clinic. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, Vol. 27, No.7, July 2017, online ahead of print. PMID: 28714753. DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0139

Latimer ME, L’Etoile N, Seidlitz J, Swedo SE. Therapeutic plasma apheresis as a treatment for 35 severely ill children and adolescents with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(1):70-75. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0080

Pavone P, Falsaperia R, Nicita F, Zecchini A, et al Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal Infection (PANDAS): Clinical Manifestations, IVIG Treatment Outcomes, Results from a Cohort of Italian Patients. Neuropsych 2018; 8 (3)

Pavone P, Falsaperla R, Cacciaguerra G, et al PANS/PANDAS: Clinical Experience in IVIG Treatment and State of the Art in Rehabilitation Approaches. NeuroSci 2020, 1, 75-84; doi:10.3390/neurosci1020007

Kovacevic M, Grant P, Swedo SE. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of twelve youths with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(1):65-69. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0067

Chan A, Phu T, Farhadian B, Willet T, Thienemann M, Frankovich J. Familial Clustering of Immune-Mediated Diseases in Children with Abrupt-Onset Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2020 Apr 20. Doi: 10.1089/cap.2019.0167 PMID 32311283

Bey AL, Gorman MP, Gallentine W, Kohlenberg TM, Frankovich J, Jiang YH, Van Haren K. Subacute Neuropsychiatric Syndrome in Girls With SHANK3 Mutations Responds to Immunomodulation. Pediatrics. 2020 Feb;145(2). pii: e20191490. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-1490.

Lewin AB, Storch EA, Murphy TK. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcus in identical siblings. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 21: 177-182, 2011.

Mataix-Cols D, Frans E, Pérez-Vigil A, et al. A total-population multigenerational family clustering study of autoimmune diseases in obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s/chronic tic disordersMol Psychiatry. 2018;23(7):1652-1658. doi:10.1038/mp.2017.215

Frankovich J, Leibold CM, Farmer C, Sainani K, Kamalani G, Farhadian B, Willett T, Park JM, Sidell D, Ahmed S, Thienemann M. The Burden of Caring for a Child or Adolescent With Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS): An Observational Longitudinal Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018 Dec 11;80(1) PMID: 30549499 doi: 10.4088/JCP.17m12091

Farmer C, Thienemann M, Leibold C, Kamalani G, Sauls B, Frankovich J. Psychometric Evaluation of the Caregiver Burden Inventory in Children and Adolescents With PANS. J Pediatr Psychol. March 2018. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsy014.

Murphy TK, Brennan EM, Johnco C, Parker-Athill EC, Miladinovic B, Storch EA, Lewin AB. A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Azithromycin in Youth with Acute-Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017 Sep;27(7):640-651. doi: 10.1089/cap.2016.0190. Epub 2017 Mar 30. PMID: 28358599.

Murphy TK, Snider LA, Mutch PJ, Harden E, Zaytoun A, Edge PJ, Storch EA, Yang MC, Mann G, Goodman WK, Swedo SE. Relationship of movements and behaviors to Group A Streptococcus infections in elementary school children. Biol Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 1;61(3):279-84. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.031. Epub 2006 Nov 27. PMID: 17126304.

Orlovska S, Vestergaard CH, Bech BH, Nordentoft M, Vestergaard M, Benros ME. Association of Streptococcal Throat Infection With Mental Disorders: Testing Key Aspects of the PANDAS Hypothesis in a Nationwide Study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 1;74(7):740-746. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0995. PMID: 28538981; PMCID: PMC5710247.

Chan A, Frankovich J. Infections, Antibiotics, and Mental Health Deteriorations. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019 Jul 29. doi: 10.1089/cap.2019.0100. [Epub ahead of print]

Mahony T, Sidell D, Gans H, Brown K, Farhadian B, Gustafson M, Sherr J, Thienemann M, Frankovich J. Improvement of Psychiatric Symptoms in Youth Following Resolution of Sinusitis. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, Vol. 92, January 2017: 38-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.10.034

Murphy TK, Parker-Athill EC, Lewin AB, Storch EA, Mutch PJ. Cefdinir for recent-onset pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders: a pilot randomized trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015 Feb;25(1):57-64. doi: 10.1089/cap.2014.0010. Epub 2014 Oct 9. PMID: 25299463; PMCID: PMC4340343.

Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, Mittleman B, Allen AJ, Perlmutter S, Lougee L, Dow S, Zamkoff J, Dubbert BK. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Feb;155(2):264-71. doi: 10.1176/ajp.155.2.264. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry 1998 Apr;155(4):578. PMID: 9464208.

Murphy TK, Patel PD, McGuire JF, et al. Characterization of the pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome phenotype. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(1):14-25. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0062

Frankovich J, Thienemann M, Pearlstein J, Crable A, Brown K, Chang K. Multidisciplinary clinic dedicated to treating youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: presenting characteristics of the first 47 consecutive patients. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015 Feb;25(1):38-47. doi: 10.1089/cap.2014.0081. PMID: 25695943; PMCID: PMC4340335.

Frankovich J, Thienemann M, Rana S, Chang K. Five Youth with Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome of Different Etiologies. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, Vol. 25, No. 1, February 2015: 31-37. PMID: 25695942

Gromark C, Harris RA, Wickström R, et al. Establishing a Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Clinic: Baseline Clinical Features of the Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Cohort at Karolinska Institutet. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019;29(8):625-633. doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0127

Gromark C, Hesselmark E, Djupedal IG, et al. A Two-to-Five Year Follow-Up of a Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Cohort [published online ahead of print, 2021 Feb 9]. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2021;1-11. doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01135-4

Mahony T, Sidell D, Gans, H, Cooperstock M, Brown K, Cheung J, Farhadian B, Gustafson M, Thienemann M, Frankovich J. Palatal Petechiae in the Absence of Group A Streptococcus in Pediatric Patients with Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Deterioration: A Cohort Study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, Vol. 27, No. 7, April 2017, online ahead of print. DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0153

Gagliano A, Galati C, Ingrassia M, Ciuffo M, Alquino MA, Tanca MG, Carucci S, Zuddas A, Grossi E. Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: A Data Mining Approach to a Very Specific Constellation of Clinical Variables. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2020 Oct;30(8):495-511. doi: 10.1089/cap.2019.0165. Epub 2020 May 28. PMID: 32460516.

Swedo SE, Seidlitz J, Kovacevic M, et al. Clinical presentation of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections in research and community settingsJ Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(1):26-30. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0073

Lepri G, Rigante D, Bellando Randone S, Meini A, Ferrari A, Tarantino G, Cunningham MW, Falcini F. Clinical-Serological Characterization and Treatment Outcome of a Large Cohort of Italian Children with Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal Infection and Pediatric Acute Neuropsychiatric Syndrome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019 Oct;29(8):608-614. doi: 10.1089/cap.2018.0151. Epub 2019 May 29. PMID: 31140830.

Murgia F, Gagliano A, Tanca MG, Or-Geva N, Hendren A, Carucci S, Pintor M, Cera F, Cossu F, Sotgiu S, Atzori L, Zuddas A. Metabolomic Characterization of Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS). Front Neurosci. 2021 May 28;15:645267. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645267. PMID: 34121984; PMCID: PMC8194687.

Johnson M, Fernell E, Preda I, et al. Paediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome in children and adolescents: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2019;3(3):175-180. doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30404-8

Tucker DM, Leckman JF, Scahill L, Wilf GE, LaCamera R, Cardona L, Cohen P, Heidmann S, Goldstein J, Judge J, Snyder E, Bult A, Peterson BS, King R, Lombroso P: A putative poststreptococcal case of OCD with chronic tic disorder, not otherwise specified. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35: 1684-1691, 1996. DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199612000-00022

Waldrep DA: Two cases of ADHD following GABHS infection: a PANDAS subgroup? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41: 1273-1274, 2002.

Leon, J., Hommer, R., Grant, P. et al. Longitudinal outcomes of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27, 637–643 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1077-9

Gromark C, Hesselmark E, Djupedal IG, et al. A Two-to-Five Year Follow-Up of a Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Cohort [published online ahead of print, 2021 Feb 9]. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2021;1-11. doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01135-4

Yu CH, Lee MB, Tseng MM, Liao SC. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms as a manifestation of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J Formos Med Assoc 107: 68-72, 2008.

Mercadante MT, Diniz JB, Hounie AG, Ferrao Y, Alvarenga P, Brotto S, Miguel EC. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in rheumatic fever patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 17: 544-547, 2005.

Mahmud FH, Lteif AN, Renaud DL, Reed AM, Brands CK. Steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in an adolescent with chronic hallucinations and depression: case report and review. Pediatrics 112: 686-690, 2003.

Muller N, Riedel M, Forderreuther S, Blendinger C, Abele-Horn M. Tourette’s syndrome and mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Am J Psychiatry 157: 481-482, 2000.

Peatfield RC. Basal ganglia damage and subcortical dementia after possible insidious Coxsackie virus encephalitis. Acta Neurol Scand 76: 340-345, 1987.

Beleza P, Soares-Fernandes J, Jordao MJ, Almeida F. From juvenile parkinsonism to encephalitis lethargica, a new phenotype of post-streptococcal disorders: case report. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 12: 505-507, 2008.

Casanova MF, Crapanzano KA, Mannheim G, Kruesi M. Sydenham’s chorea and schizophrenia: a case report. Schizophr Res 16: 73-76, 1995.

Mink J, Kurlan R. Acute postinfectious movement and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Neurol 26: 214-217, 2011.

Rosa J, Hernandez J, Sherr J, Smith B, Brown K, Farhadian B, Mahony T, McGhee S, Lewis D B, Thienemann M, Frankovich J. Allergic Diseases and Immune-Mediated Food Disorders in Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome. Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology, Vol 31, No.3. Sept 2018. doi: 10.1089/ped.2018.0888

Toufexis MD, Hommer R, Gerardi DM, et al. Disordered eating and food restrictions in children with PANDAS/PANS. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(1):48-56. doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0063

Chan A, Karpel H, Spartz E, Willett T, Farhadian B, Jeng M, Thienemann M, Frankovich J. Hypoferritinemia and iron deficiency in youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome. Pediatr Res. 2020 Aug 3. doi: 10.1038/s41390-020-1103-3. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32746449.

Endres D, Pollak TA, Bechter K, Denzel D, Pitsch K, Nickel K, Runge K, Pankratz B, Klatzmann D, Tamouza R, Mallet L, Leboyer M, Prüss H, Voderholzer U, Cunningham JL; ECNP Network Immuno-NeuroPsychiatry, Domschke K, Tebartz van Elst L, Schiele MA. Immunological causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: is it time for the concept of an “autoimmune OCD” subtype? Transl Psychiatry. 2022 Jan 10;12(1):5. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01700-4. PMID: 35013105; PMCID: PMC8744027.

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